Nikon s9700 sample pics

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Features in windows 7

the most significant upgrades and new fea-tures that Windows 7 can offer

First, Windows 7 significantly improved the speed of load-ing programs and applications on your computer. This is aperformance upgrade especially for Vista users who are com-plaining about the speed of booting the system and openingprograms.A clear example of this improved performance is evidentwhen you open Internet Explorer. The program will instantlyload in just 2 seconds which can improve your online productivi-ty.

Second, Windows 7 can detect and run most device andhardware drivers. Compatibility has been a major issue againstVista and Windows 7 rectified this. You can even install newdevice drivers without encountering serious glitches.

Third, Windows 7 improved the networking utility. Spe-cifically, the Networking and Sharing Center is not convoluted.It has become user friendly with clearer graphical user interface.You will be able to easily access your Networking Center bysimply clicking on your Local Area Connection.

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How to Make Windows 7 Run on Windows XP

Ways to Overcome Upgrade Problems from XP to Windows 7
If you are still running Windows XP, then you will en-counter lots of problems when you try to directly upgrade to Windows 7. Even Microsoft has warned its users that upgrading from XP to Windows 7 could be a dangerous path.
Truth is, there is no way you can get a direct upgrade from XP to Windows 7. When you try to install Windows 7 on a down-level XP, you will encounter a security screen barring you from making the upgrade.
So here are some simple techniques you can try in order to try Windows 7.
First, you can upgrade your XP to Vista Service Pack 1 in order to get Windows 7. This is the recommended upgrade path of Microsoft. However, you might find this technique too com-plicated and costly because you have to purchase a Vista SP 1 version just to upgrade to Windows 7. This option however, is the safest path you can take.
Second, you can try a clean install of Windows 7. This means doing away with your XP and replacing it with Windows 7. You have to back up your files though because this method will erase all the data in your hard drive.
Lastly, you can create a dual boot computer with two op-erating systems. Simply create a new partition on your hard drive and clean install Windows 7 in it

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Start, stop, pause, resume, or restart a service in microsoft windows

To start, stop, pause, resume, or restart a service

Using Services

1. Open Services.
   
2. In the details panel, do one of the following:
   
   
   • Click the service, and then, on the Action menu, click Start, Stop, Pause, Resume, or Restart.
     
   • Right-click the service, and then click Start, Stop, Pause, Resume, or Restart.
     

Notes

• To open Services, click Start, click Control Panel, double-click Administrative Tools, and then double-click Services.
  
• To start a service with startup parameters, right-click the service, click Properties, type the parameters in Start parameters, and then click Start. These settings are not persistent; they are used only once, and then the default settings are restored. (A backslash (\) is treated as an escape character; type two backslashes for each backslash in a parameter.)
  

Using the command line

1. Open Command Prompt.
   
2. Type one of the following:
   
   
   • To start a service, type:
     
     net startservice
     
   • To stop a service, type:
     
     net stopservice
     
   • To pause a service, type:
     
     net pauseservice
     
   • To resume a service, type:
     
     net continueservice
     

 

Value	Description
net start	Starts a service.
net stop	Stops a service.
net pause	Pauses a service.
net continue	Continues a service that has been paused.
service	Specifies the name of service.

-taken from technet.microsoft.com

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Windows aswSP.sys File Error Fix Database

How to fix/remove aswSP.sys error manually

Knowing exactly what caused your aswSP.sys errors, there are several simple tips you can repair this error in the section below. Continue reading and learn how you can troubleshoot this errors yourself.

1. Restart your PC instantly

Sound extremely easy? Whether you Believe it or not, it actually works in some cases when the aswSP.sys error is not too severe to repair. Actually, rebooting the system works because it gives your machine the chance to reopen necessary programs, including the aswSP.sys required by windows and the software you are running on it.

2. Reopen the aswSP.sys related program

Before doing that, you need to close all open applications. (There are times you need to open the Task Manager to end the process running on the background.) Then it is time to open the applications again and doing the same things you were doing when the aswSP.sys problem started.

3. Try registry restore to fix aswSP.sys error

Initiating a registry restore is an other simple though sometimes frustrating method to fix aswSP.sys error. And, the key step is to set the restore date to before you started experiencing this problem.

Recommended solution

• Step 1: Free Download aswSP.sys Repair Tool and install it with ease.
• Step 2: Click Scan button to diagnose your computer.
• Step 3: Click Repair to fix aswSP.sys error and other found PC errors within seconds.

Why not choose an automatic windows aswSP.sys repair tool which will be able to fix the related errors with ease by replacing your missing/obsolete files with latest, clean and up-to-date ones. With regular use, it also enhances performance, stops computer crashing and improve PC stability as well as fixing aswSP.sys errors.

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Linux Basics-linuxinterviewquetions.blogspot

1)  What is GRUB

Ans- GNU GRUB is a Multiboot boot loader. It was derived from GRUB, the GRand Unified Bootloader, 
which was originally designed and implemented by Erich Stefan Boleyn.

Briefly, a boot loader is the first software program that runs when a computer starts. It is 
responsible for loading and transferring control to the operating system kernel software 
(such as the Hurd or Linux). The kernel, in turn, initializes the rest of the operating 
system (e.g. GNU)

2) Explain Linux Boot Process

Ans http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2011/02/linux-boot-process/

3) Which files are called for user profile by default when a user gets login

Ans $HOME/.bash_profile, $HOME/.bash_bashrc

4) Which file needs to update if srequired to change default runlevel 5 to 3

Ans File is /etc/inittab and required to change below lines:

id:5:initdefault: to id:3:initdefault:

5) What command used for showing user info like Login Name, Canonical Name, Home Directory,Shell etc..

Ans FINGER command can be used i.g; finger username

6) What is inode number

Ans An inode is a data structure on a traditional Unix-style file system such as UFS or ext3. An 
inode stores basic information about a regular file, directory, or other file system object

iNode number also called as index number, it consists following attributes:

File type (executable, block special etc)
Permissions (read, write etc)
Owner
Group
File Size
File access, change and modification time (remember UNIX or Linux never stores file creation 
time, this is favorite question asked in UNIX/Linux sys admin job interview)
File deletion time
Number of links (soft/hard)
Extended attribute such as append only or no one can delete file including root user 
(immutability)
Access Control List (ACLs)

Following command will be used to show inodes of file and folders:

ls -i

Following command will show complete info about any file or folders with inode number

stat file/folder

Files/Folders can also be deleted using inode numbers with following command:

find out the inode number using 'ls -il' command then run below command

find . -inum inode_number -exec rm -i {} \;

7) How can we increase disk read performance in single command

Ans blockdev command

This is sample output - yours may be different.
# Before test
$ blockdev --getra /dev/sdb
256
$ time dd if=/tmp/disk.iso of=/dev/null bs=256k
2549+1 records in
2549+1 records out
668360704 bytes (668 MB) copied, 6,84256 seconds, 97,7 MB/s

real 0m6.845s
user 0m0.004s
sys 0m0.865s

# After test
$ blockdev --setra 1024 /dev/sdb

$ time dd if=/tmp/disk.iso of=/dev/null bs=256k
2435+1 records in
2435+1 records out
638390272 bytes (638 MB) copied, 0,364251 seconds, 1,8 GB/s

real 0m0.370s
user 0m0.001s
sys 0m0.370s

8) .... command to change user password expiration time

Ans CHAGE

9) Command used to lock user password

Ans usermod -L username

10) How many default number of Shells available and what are their names?

Ans SH, BASH, CSH, TCSH, NOLOGIN, KSH

11) Which file defines the attributes like UID, PASSWORD expiry, HOME Dir create or not while 
adding user

Ans /etc/login.defs

12) ...... command used for changing authentication of linux system to LDAP/NIS/SMB/KERBOS

Ans authconfig

13) ...... command used for changing the attributes of any file

Ans chattr

14) What is the path of network (ethX) configuration files

Ans /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ethX

15) How can we change speed and make full duplex settings for eth0

Ans We can do this with below given 2 methods:

ethtool -s eth0 speed 100 duplex full
ethtool -s eth0 speed 10 duplex half

OR

mii-tool -F 100baseTx-HD
mii-tool -F 10baseT-HD

16) File which stores the DNS configuration at client side

Ans /etc/resolve.conf

17) Main configuration file and command used for exporting NFS directories and it's deamons

Ans /etc/exports and exportfs -av , deamons are quotad, portmapper, mountd, nfsd and nlockmgr/status

18) What is command to check ports running/used over local machine

Ans netstat -antp

19) What is the command to check open ports at remote machine

Ans nmap

20) What is the difference between soft and hard links

Ans Soft Links => 1) Soft link files will have different inode numbers then source file
2) If original file deleted then soft link file be of no use
3) Soft links are not updated
4) Can create links between directories
5) Can cross file system boundaries

Hard Links => 1) Hard links will have the same inode number as source file
2) Hard links can not link directories
3) Can not cross file system boundaries
4) Hard links always refers to the source, even if moved or removed

21) How to setup never expired user password

Ans chage -E never username

22) Restricting insertion into file if full permission are assigned to all

Ans chattr +i filename

23) Display or Kill all processes which are accessing any folder/file

Ans Display User who are using file/folder : fuser -u file/folder
Kill All Processes which are using file/folder: fuser -k file/folder

24) Kill any user's all processes

Ans killall -u username

25) How can we have daily system analysis and reports over mail

Ans Use logwatch

26) How can we rotate logs using logrotate without performing any operation  like move and gzip'ng over original file and then creating new file (which is very lengthy process)

Ans We can use "logrotate"'s "copytruncate" option which will simply copy original file and 
truncate original file :)

27) Command to collect detailed information about the hardware and setup of your system

Ans dmidecode , sysreport

28) Command to check PCI devices vendor or version

Ans lspci

29) What is the difference between cron and anacron

Ans  Cron :
                     1) Minimum granularity is minute (i.e Jobs can be scheduled to be executed
                         every minute)
                     2) Cron job can be scheduled by any normal user ( if not restricted by super
                          user )
                     3) Cron expects system to be running 24 x 7. If a job is scheduled, and
                         system is down during that time, job is not executed
                     4) Ideal for servers
                     5) Use cron when a job has to be executed at a particular hour and minute

      Anacron :
                     1) Minimum granularity is only in days
                     2) Anacron can be used only by super user ( but there are workarounds to
                         make it usable by normal user )
                     3) Anacron doesn’t expect system to be running 24 x 7. If a job is scheduled,
                         and system is down during that time, it start the jobs when the system
                         comes back up.
                     4) Ideal for desktops and laptops
                     5) Use anacron when a job has to be executed irrespective of hour and
                          minute

30)  Default Port numbers used by ssh,ftp,http,https,telnet,smtp,pop3,pop3s,imap,imaps

Ans SSH 22, ftp 20/21, http 80, https 443, SMTP/SMPTS 25/465, POP3/POP3S 110/995, IMAP/IMAPS 143/993

31)  How to setup ACLs in following case:
         1) Create a file FILE1 and this should be read,write,executable for all user but Read only  for user USER1
        2) Copy FILE1 ACLs to FILE2 ACL
        3) Delete a USER1's rule for FILE1 which were setup in step 1)

Ans 1) touch FILE1 ; chmod 777 FILE1 ; setfacl -m u:USER1:r FILE1
        2) getfacl FILE1 | setfacl --set-file=- FILE2
        3) setfacl -x u:USER1 FILE1

32)  How to make USB bootable?

Ans Write efidisk.img from RHEL 6 DVD images/ subdirectory to USB

dd if=efidisk.img of=/dev/usb (usb device name)

33)  How can we check disk/device status/failure/errors using smartctl utility?

Ans Try following to check:

        Enable/Disable SMART on device/disk : smartctl -s on /dev/sda
        Check device SMART health : smartctl -H /dev/sda
        Check device SMART capabilities : smartctl -c /dev/sda
        Enable/Disable automatic offline testing on device : smartctl -o on/off /dev/sda
        Show device SMART vendor-specific Attributes and values : smartctl -A /dev/sda
        Show device log [TYPE : error, selftest, selective, directory,background, 
                                     scttemp[sts,hist]] : smartctl -l TYPE /dev/sda
        Run test on device [TEST: offline short long conveyance select,M-N pending,N 
                                     afterselect,[on|off] scttempint,N[,p] : smartctl -t /dev/sda

34)  What is the difference between ext2 vs ext3 vs ext4?

Ans http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2011/05/ext2-ext3-ext4/

35)  Disable ping to avoid network/ICMP flood

Ans Set following in /etc/sysctl.conf : net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1

      Then "sysctl -p"
  
      or 
   
   echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all

36)  What is SYN Flood, ICMP Flood

Ans SYN Flood : A SYN flood occurs when a host sends a flood of TCP/SYN packets, often with a 
          fake/forged sender address. Each of these packets is handled like a connection request, causing the 
          server to spawn a half-open connection, by sending back a TCP/SYN-ACK packet(Acknowledge), and 
          waiting for a packet in response from the sender address(response to the ACK Packet). However, 
          because the sender address is forged, the response never comes. These half-open connections 
          saturate the number of available connections the server is able to make, keeping it from responding to 
          legitimate requests until after the attack ends

      ICMP Flood : There are three types of ICMP Flood :
    
       1) Smurf Attack : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf_attack
       2) Ping Flood :  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_flood
       3) Ping of Death : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_of_death

37)  What is the difference between Unix vs Linux Kernels?

Ans Please find below given link :

        http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2012/01/linux-unix-kernel/

38) How to setup Password less remote login/ssh?

Ans Use "ssh-keygen -t dsa or rsa" at local system for creating public and private keys

        Then copy /root/.ssh/id_dsa.pub to remote_server by name /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
        Change permissions of /root/.ssh/authorized_keys file at remote_server "chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys"

        Now try to login from local system to remote_server "ssh root@remote_server"

39) Command to see default kernel image file

Ans "grubby --default-kernel"

40) How to create lvm mirror

Ans lvcreate -L 50G -m1 -n LVMmirror vg0

41) Command to check last runlevel

Ans who -r

42) What do you mean by File System?

Ans File System is a method to store and organize files and directories on disk. A file system can have different formats called file system types. These formats determine how the information is stored as files and directories.

43) What is the requirement of udev daemon?

Ans Create and remove device nodes or files in /dev/ directory

44) What are block and character devices?

Ans Both the devices are present in /dev directory

Block device files talks to devices block by block [1 block at a time (1 block = 512 bytes to 32KB)].
Examples: - USB disk, CDROM, Hard Disk (sda, sdb, sdc etc....)

Character device files talk to devices character by character.
Examples: - Virtual terminals, terminals, serial modems, random numbers (tty{0,1,2,3......})

45) How to Convert ext2 to ext3 File System?

Ans tune2fs -j /dev/{device-name}

46) File required to modify for setting up kernel parameters permanent

Ans /etc/sysctl.conf

47) Commands used to install, list and remove modules from kernel 

Ans Installing/adding a module: 
                                                    insmod mod_name
                                                    modprobe mod_name

        List installed modules :  lsmod
        Removing a module     : modprobe -r mod_name

48) How to create swap using a file and delete swap

Ans Adding swap :

dd if=/dev/zero of=/opt/myswap bs=1024 count=4

mkswap /opt/myswap

swapon -a

For adding this myswap at boot time, add following in /etc/fstab file:

/opt/myswap       swap     swap   defaults   0 0


Deleting Swap :

Run "swapoff /opt/myswap" command
Remove the entry from /etc/fstab file
Remove /opt/myswap file (using rm command)

49) What vmstat show

Ans vmstat (virtual memory statistics) is a computer system monitoring tool that collects and displays summary information about operating system memory, processes, interrupts, paging and block I/O

50) What is tmpfs File System

Ans Reference : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmpfs

tmpfs is a common name for a temporary file storage facility on many Unix-like operating systems. It is intended to appear as a mounted file system, but stored in volatile memory instead of a persistent storage device. A similar construction is a RAM disk, which appears as a virtual disk drive and hosts a disk file system.

Everything stored in tmpfs is temporary in the sense that no files will be created on the hard drive; however, swap space is used as backing store in case of low memory situations. On reboot, everything in tmpfs will be lost.
The memory used by tmpfs grows and shrinks to accommodate the files it contains and can be swapped out to swap space.

51) What is the difference between screen and script commands?

Ans Screen is an screen manager with VT100/ANSI terminal emulation and used to take GNU screen session remotely or locally and while Script make typescript of terminal session

Screen : needs to be detached, should not be exited to access remotely/locally
Script : creates a file and store all the terminal output to this file

52) How can we check which process is assigned to which processor?

Ans Run "ps -elFL" and find out the PSR column which is showing the processor number to the process

53) How can we check vendor, version, release date, size, package information etc... of any installed rpm?

Ans) rpm -qi package-name , for example:

         rpm -qi ypbind-1.19-12.el5

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Facebook Home universal Apk-theultralinx.com

If you didn’t know already, Facebook released their Facebook Home today – the launcher and lockscreen replacement for Android users who just can’t get enough of Facebook.

Unfortunately, Facebook Home is limited to a very select number of devices, them mainly being the high end Android devices. This is because it runs smoother on those devices, with their powerful CPU’s and large amounts of RAM. Facebook want to keep the experience as fluid as possible so are limiting it to those devices.

But if you’re device isn’t supported and you want to give it a try, you can hit the download links below. Please do be aware that the app may or may not work on your device, don’t expect it to if it doesn’t show up on the Play Store on your device.

Download Facebook Home APK – Mirror 1 | Mirror 2 | Mirror 3

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firefox & html5-techhive.com

The Firefox OS, a new contender in mobile operating systems, will likely see HTML5-related attacks and assaults on a crucial operating system process, according to security vendor Trend Micro.

Some mobile phone operators are already shipping devices with the Firefox OS, which comes from Mozilla, the nonprofit organization behind the Firefox desktop browser.

Mozilla’s Firefox OS seeks to challenge the dominance of Android and iOS, Google and Apple’s operating systems. Firefox OS is geared toward high-performance, low-cost phones running applications using the HTML5 web programming language.

Firefox OS borrows much from the Firefox mobile browser and Gecko application framework, which is used to render Web pages and display applications. The platform underpinning Firefox OS, called Boot to Gecko (B2G), borrows 95 percent of its code from the mobile browser and Gecko, according to Mozilla.

The mobile OS uses a Linux kernel, which then boots into the Gecko runtime. The top layer of the technology stack, called Gaia, generates the interface seen by users.

Trend Micro pinpointed what the company believes are avenues for hackers to exploit. As more people use smartphones, attackers are increasingly looking for ways to exploit mobile devices.

Firefox OS is built around HTML5, the latest version of the open standard web programming language that is designed to be more interactive and multimedia friendly.

“Though the Firefox OS may not enjoy the market of the Android OS, the use of HTML5 is gradually gaining traction among users (Amazon also accepts HTML5 for its apps),” wrote Peter Pi, a threats analyst for Trend. “Thus, regardless of OS, we can expect that as more apps and sites will use HTML5, we can expect such attacks to increase in the future.”

B2G contains a process within the OS that enforces permissions granted to applications and prevents unauthorized requests by those applications, Pi wrote.

Some applications can request more permissions, but those requests must be verified and signed by an application store, Pi wrote. The B2G process has high privileges and vets those requests. Mozilla has acknowledged B2G is a possible attack vector, he wrote.

“If this process is exploited, an attacker can obtain high-level privileges (like root access),” Pi wrote.

A vulnerability found last month, which was actually fixed in the course of repairing a different flaw in June, caused the B2G process to crash. Pi noted it could have allowed an attacker to run arbitrary code on a device with the same high privileges as the B2G process.

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Mozilla’s Firefox OS -techcrunch.com

FREDERIC LARDINOIS

Mozilla was late to mobile and now it’s trying to catch up. For a while now, the nonprofit has been releasing mobile versions of its Firefox browser for Android, but its most ambitious project to date is its Firefox OS mobile operating system for smartphones.

Earlier this month, the Chinese handset manufacturer ZTE made the first set of its entry-level unlocked $80 Firefox OS phones available in the U.S. and the U.K. and quickly sold out the first batch of about 1,000 devices in each country. In Europe, the devices were already on sale through Deutsche Telekom in Poland and Telefonica in Colombia, Spain and Venezuela.

Earlier this month, I got a chance to talk to Mozilla’s Principal Developer Evangelist Christian Heilmann to talk about what this project means for developers. The company also sent me a review unit of the ZTE Open.

As Heilmann stressed when I talked to him, the phone is meant to fill what Mozilla believes is a “massive gap in the mobile space.” Right now, the organization rightly argues, mobile connectivity to the web is only for “the rich people in the modern world.” Android and iOS devices aren’t even available in many parts of the world, and the fact that you often need a credit card to fully use them puts them out of reach for a large number of potential users, especially in developing countries. The ZTE Open (and Firefox OS itself) then, Heilmann noted, is targeted at a market that is not covered by other phones.

Eager to set my expectations right for when I received the phone, Heilmann likened it to a family sedan that we shouldn’t compare to an F1 car. After using the ZTE Open for a while, that’s definitely true in this case. It’s clearly an $80 phone, but as a device that is meant to bring web connectivity to people who don’t currently have it — or can’t afford it — it succeeds.

Given the price, it’s no surprise that it’s still a bit sluggish at times. Firefox OS itself also still needs some polish around many edges. The sluggishness especially shows when you use the virtual keyboard. It’s often not clear when you press a link in the browser, for example.

Still, thanks to its focus on web apps, it’s pretty straightforward to use Facebook and Twitter, manage your email and text messages or to listen to music or the radio (and, of course, make phone calls). Most mobile platforms don’t treat the web as a first-class citizen and they definitely don’t make it easy for developers to distribute their apps over the web. On Firefox OS, developers get two options for distributing their apps: they can do so from their own website or — as so-called “privileged apps” — through Mozilla’s marketplace. For security reasons, apps that are distributed outside of Mozilla’s store, however, don’t get full access to all of the device’s hardware features (geolocation, gyros, etc.).

App discovery, by the way, is one of the cooler features of Firefox OS. Just swipe all the way to the left-most screen and you get a search bar. Type in something like “photography” and the screen will show you apps you already have installed on your device and a list of related service. For photography, this list includes the likes of Flickr, Picasa, Pinterest and Tumblr, for example. Type in “music” and you get links to SoundCloud, YouTube, Metro Lyrics, MTV, Last.fm and many others. Click on any of these, and you’re taken right to these service’s web apps. If you like them, just swipe up from the bottom of the screen to pin them to your home screen.

If you are a developer who wants to port existing mobile web apps to Firefox OS, the whole procedure is extremely easy and doesn’t involve much more than writing a manifesto to package it for Firefox OS. It’s so easy that when Heilmann reached out to those who had already done so, most weren’t really able to tell him much because it only took them a few minutes to do. Apps that want to use the platform to its full potential, of course, take a bit more work, but even there, the focus on HTML5, CSS and JavaScript opens the platform up to a wide range of developers who wouldn’t previously have considered writing apps for smartphones (similar to what Microsoft is doing with HTML5 on its Windows platform).

For many users, Mozilla hopes, Firefox OS will mark the first time they’ll use the open web on a phone. This is something developers should keep in mind as they design apps for the platform, Heilmann noted, as you can’t always expect that users are already familiar with all of the usage paradigms most of us have grown accustomed to over years of using touchscreen phones.

Overall then, the ZTE Open with Firefox is an interesting first look at the potential of Firefox OS. It’s not the world’s most amazing phone by a long shot, but I would never bet against the open web and with that at the core of Firefox OS, the operating system definitely has a chance to be successful in the long run.

CRUNCHBASE

• MOZILLA

Company:Mozilla

Website:mozilla.org

Launch Date:February 1, 1998

Funding:$2.3M

Born from Netscape’s 1998 open sourcing of the code base behind its Netscape Communicator internet suite, Mozilla Firefox currently holds approximately 22.48% of the world market for internet browsers as of April 2009. Version 1.0 was released on November 9, 2004 after a series of name changes, and within a year close to 100 million downloads of the browser technology had occurred. The following two years saw upgrades to version 1.5 in November 2005 and 2.0 in October 2006....

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